CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

Climate change poses severe threats to global environmental stability, with South Asia emerging as one of the most vulnerable regions to extreme weather anomalies, glacial retreat, and hydrological volatility. In Pakistan, the convergence of rapid population growth, heavy reliance on the Indus Basin Irrigation System, and accelerated melting of Hindu Kush-Himalayan glaciers has intensified water scarcity and flood risks. This paper examines the complex intersection of climate change and sustainable water resource management in Pakistan, evaluating structural vulnerabilities in agricultural water use, transboundary basin management, and municipal supply chains. By analyzing current hydro-climatic trends, policy frameworks, and conservation challenges, this study highlights the urgent need for integrated water resource management (IWRM). The findings emphasize that adopting climate-resilient infrastructure, modernizing irrigation efficiency, and strengthening institutional governance are vital strategies to secure long-term water security and sustainable socio-economic development in Pakistan.